Services

Characteristics

Services can come in three flavors, depending upon the layer where they reside.

Domain services

A domain service contains pure domain logic that does not fit naturally on any existing domain object. Its name and the name of its operations should come from the ubiquitous language or be introduced into it if necessary. Parameters and return values should be domain objects or language types.

Application services

An application service contains coordination logic between other services. It is more tied to a specific use-case of the system from which it execute all the steps in a well-defined unit of work. Application services are often the ideal place to begin and end transactions.

Infrastructure services

An infrastructure service focuses on encapsulating a technical aspect of the application, like filesystem access, email, notifications, …

Statelessness

A service is always stateless. This does not mean that a service cannot change the global state of the application (that is, it may have side effects), but it should never hold a state of its own that could affect its behavior.

Declaration

To create a service with the business framework, create an interface annotated with @Service:

@Service
public interface SomeService {
    void someOperation();
}

Then create its implementation:

public class SomeServiceImpl implements SomeService {
    @Override
    public void someOperation() {
        // do something        
    }
}

Usage

To use your service, inject its interface:

public class SomeClass {
    @Inject
    private SomeService someService;
    
    public void someMethod() {
        someService.someServiceOperation();        
    }
}

Example

Let’s consider a fund transfer service. It does not fit naturally into the Account aggregate since it may have some complex business logic that depends upon other services (currency exchange rate, transfer authorization between countries, …).

@Service
public interface FundsTransferService {
    MoneyTransferReport transferMoney(
            Account toBeDebited,
            Account toBeCredited,
            Amount transferAmount
    );
}